PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

This subject deals with  structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds.
 You'll find innumerable reactions here, And yes you gotta remember every reactions. 
Its easy when you think its easy. 
Lots of reactions and lots of reasoning questions makes up organic chemistry a difficult one. 
If you're too good in reasoning questions and remembering the reactions, this subject is a piece of cake. 
This subject includes: 

UNIT I 

a. Structure and Activity of Organic Molecules: Shapes of organic molecules, bond lengths, bond angles and bond dissociation energies. Electronic effects in organic molecules: inductive effect, electromeric or mesomeric effect, hyperconjugation, concept of resonance; types of organic reagents and reactions. 
b. Aliphatic/Alicyclic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, isomerism (chain, conformational and geometrical) relative stabilities (heats of combustion and hydrogenation), ring stabilities of cyclohexane, chair-boat conformation, Bayer’s strain theory and sachse-mohr theory. Free radical substitution reactions (halogenation) of alkanes. 
c. Alkenes: Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes, Markovnikov’s rule, Kharasch effect, Bayer’s oxidation (cishydroxylation, polymerisation). Alkadienes: Stability & 1,4 addition reactions of conjugated alkadienes. 
d. Alkynes: Acidity of 1-alkynes, formation of metal acetylides. Stereo specific reduction of alkynes. Addition of hydrogen halide (HCl) addition of water and keto-enol tautomerism. 

UNIT II

 a. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Kekule’s structure of benzene, bond lengths, heats of hydrogenation and stability, molecular orbital picture of benzene, aromaticity, Huckel’s rule, nomenclature of benzene derivatives, characteristic reactions of benzene, theory of reactivity and orientation in monosubstituted benzenes. 
b. Halogen Compounds-Aromatic: Nomenclature, low reactivity of halo benzenes towards nucleophilic substitution, arenes. 

UNIT III 

a. Halogen Compounds-Aliphatic: Nomenclature, general methods of preparation, characteristic nucleophilic substitution reactions, factors that play role in SN1 and SN2 , Walden inversion, elimination reaction and Saytzeff’s rule.
 b. Alcohols: Nomenclature, classification, general methods of preparation, physical properties, hydrogen bonding, characteristic nucleophilic substitution reactions (replacement of -OH by -Cl), elimination reactions, and relative reactivities of 1o , 2o and 3o alcohols, Meerwein Pondorff Verley reduction. c. Ethers: Nomenclature, Williamson’s synthesis, action of hydro iodic acid on ethers (Ziesel’s method). d. Phenols: Nomenclature, general methods of preparation, physical properties, acidity of phenols, stability of phenoxide ion, reactions of phenols, Kolbe-schmidt reaction stability of conjugated dienes, and Fries rearrangement, Reamer-Tiemann Reaction. 

UNIT IV 

a. Carbonyl Compounds: Nomenclature, two important methods of preparation, polarity of carbonyl group, relative reactivities of carbonyl compounds, nucleophilic addition and addition-elimination reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, benzoin condensation, Perkins reactions, Reformatsky reaction, Oppenauer oxidation. 
b. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives: Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature, intermolecular association, stability of carboxylate anion, two important methods of preparation, decarboxylation, functional groups reactions, reduction of carboxylic acids. a note on dicarboxylic acids.
Acid derivatives: (acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides). Nomenclature, reactions like hydrolysis, reduction of esters and amides, Hofmann’s degradation of amides. Brief account of preparation and properties of malonic and acetoacetic esters, their importance in organic syntheses. 

UNIT V

 Nitrogen Compounds:
a. Nitro compounds: Nomenclature, acidity of nitro compounds containing - hydrogens, reductive reactions of aromatic nitro compounds. 
b. Amines: Nomenclature, basicity of amines, classification, relative reactivity, hinsberg method of separation, acylation reactions. Diazotisation and reactions of diazonium salts.
 c. Nitriles and isonitriles: Nomenclature, two methods of synthesis, reactivity and functional reactions. 



QUESTION PAPER 2015