DISPENSING AND GENERAL PHARMACY

DISPENSING AND GENERAL PHARMACY

This is the only subject where you assume you know everything, but the day will come where you'll realize there are way too many things to learn.
Not to worry much, this subject is way too interesting.
And coming to the practicals, In B Pharmacy this is the only subject where you'll love the practicals, from preparing simple solutions to cold cream. Everything seems interesting and will definitely increase your interest in pharmacy field.
 This subject includes :

UNIT I
a. Genesis and Evalution of Pharmacy: History of Pharmacy, origin and development of the Pharmacopoeias, History of Ayurveda, salient features of IP, USP and BP. Pharmacy Education – D. Pharm, B Pharm, M.Pharm, Pharma-D, Qualification for getting license.
b. Dispensing Pharmacy: Principles of dispensing, form of prescription,
handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products.
Weights and Measures, introduction to Latin terms, Percentage calculations, alligation method, proof spirit calculations, displacement value and calculations of isotonicity adjustment. General dispensing procedure- posology-calculations of doses.

UNIT II

Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of the following classes of preparations.
(i) Mixtures
(ii) Solutions
(iii) Emulsions
(iv) Powders
 (v) Lotions & liniments
(vi) Ointments
(vii) Suspensions
(viii) Syrups
(ix) Suppositories.
Definition of the following preparations like creams, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmics, lozenges, pills, inhalations, paints, sprays and tablet triturates .

UNIT III

 Incompatibilities: Physical, chemical and therapeutic incompatibilities – methods of over coming and handling of prescriptions with incompatibility.

Section-B,
GENERAL PHARMACY

 UNIT IV
Pharmaceutical ethics Introduction to Pharmaceutical ethics, ethical guidelines for retail pharmacist / community Pharmacist, manufacturing Pharmacist and pharmaceutical researcher

UNIT V
 a. Fundemental operations: Weighing, measurement of liquids, procedure of dispensing solutioin.
b. Colors: Reasons for coloring pharmaceutical preparations, coloring of tablets, capsules and non-injectable fluids, Desirable properties of coloring agent, different types of coloring agents. c.Excipients: Types of flavouring agents, preservatives & stabilisers




QUESTION PAPER 2015

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION

Well, this subject is simple yet complicated.
You'll come across topics which you've already studied, So it makes it simple that way.
It makes it complicated when you actually write, JNTU wants quantity and quality from student, so writing irrelevant stuff wont fetch you marks and writing less wont fetch either.

This subject includes :

UNIT I

Scope of Anatomy and Physiology and basic terminology used in these subjects.
Structure of cell, its components and their function.
Elementary tissues of the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues, their sub- types and characteristics.
Body fluids, Homeostasis
Skeletal system: Structure, composition and functions of skeleton,
classification of joints, types of movements at joints,
Skeletal muscles: Gross anatomy, physiology of muscle contraction,
physiological properties of skeletal muscles and their disorders.
Rhematiod arthritis, gout


UNIT II

Haemopoietic system and Lymphatic System: Composition and functions of blood and its elements, their disorders, blood groups and their significance, mechanism of coagulation, disorders of platelets and coagulation. Anemias and its types, lymph nodes, vessels, lymph organs

.
Cardiovascular system: Basic anatomy, physiology and conduction system of heart, blood vessels and circulation. Basic pulmonary, coronary, hepatic, system, understanding of cardiac cycle, cardiac output, heart sounds and electrocardiogram. blood pressure and its regulation. Brief outline of cardiovascular disorders like hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.

UNIT III

 Digestive System: Gross anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract, functions of its different parts including those of liver, pancreas and gall bladder, various gastrointestinal secretions and their role in the absorption and digestion of food, peptis ulcer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic disorder, cholecystitis.


UNIT IV

Concept of health and diseases: Disease causing agents and prevention of disease, balanced diet and nutritional deficiency disorders. Demography and Family Planning: Demography cycle, population problem, family planning and various contraceptive methods. Medical termination of pregnancy.

UNIT V

Brief outline of communicable diseases, causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention (chicken pox, measles, influenza, diptheria whooping cough, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, cholera, typhoid, food poisoning, helmenthiasis, malaria, filariasis, rabies, trachoma, tetanus, leprosy, syphilis, gonnorrhoea, and Aids).

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

This subject deals with  structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds.
 You'll find innumerable reactions here, And yes you gotta remember every reactions. 
Its easy when you think its easy. 
Lots of reactions and lots of reasoning questions makes up organic chemistry a difficult one. 
If you're too good in reasoning questions and remembering the reactions, this subject is a piece of cake. 
This subject includes: 

UNIT I 

a. Structure and Activity of Organic Molecules: Shapes of organic molecules, bond lengths, bond angles and bond dissociation energies. Electronic effects in organic molecules: inductive effect, electromeric or mesomeric effect, hyperconjugation, concept of resonance; types of organic reagents and reactions. 
b. Aliphatic/Alicyclic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, isomerism (chain, conformational and geometrical) relative stabilities (heats of combustion and hydrogenation), ring stabilities of cyclohexane, chair-boat conformation, Bayer’s strain theory and sachse-mohr theory. Free radical substitution reactions (halogenation) of alkanes. 
c. Alkenes: Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes, Markovnikov’s rule, Kharasch effect, Bayer’s oxidation (cishydroxylation, polymerisation). Alkadienes: Stability & 1,4 addition reactions of conjugated alkadienes. 
d. Alkynes: Acidity of 1-alkynes, formation of metal acetylides. Stereo specific reduction of alkynes. Addition of hydrogen halide (HCl) addition of water and keto-enol tautomerism. 

UNIT II

 a. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Kekule’s structure of benzene, bond lengths, heats of hydrogenation and stability, molecular orbital picture of benzene, aromaticity, Huckel’s rule, nomenclature of benzene derivatives, characteristic reactions of benzene, theory of reactivity and orientation in monosubstituted benzenes. 
b. Halogen Compounds-Aromatic: Nomenclature, low reactivity of halo benzenes towards nucleophilic substitution, arenes. 

UNIT III 

a. Halogen Compounds-Aliphatic: Nomenclature, general methods of preparation, characteristic nucleophilic substitution reactions, factors that play role in SN1 and SN2 , Walden inversion, elimination reaction and Saytzeff’s rule.
 b. Alcohols: Nomenclature, classification, general methods of preparation, physical properties, hydrogen bonding, characteristic nucleophilic substitution reactions (replacement of -OH by -Cl), elimination reactions, and relative reactivities of 1o , 2o and 3o alcohols, Meerwein Pondorff Verley reduction. c. Ethers: Nomenclature, Williamson’s synthesis, action of hydro iodic acid on ethers (Ziesel’s method). d. Phenols: Nomenclature, general methods of preparation, physical properties, acidity of phenols, stability of phenoxide ion, reactions of phenols, Kolbe-schmidt reaction stability of conjugated dienes, and Fries rearrangement, Reamer-Tiemann Reaction. 

UNIT IV 

a. Carbonyl Compounds: Nomenclature, two important methods of preparation, polarity of carbonyl group, relative reactivities of carbonyl compounds, nucleophilic addition and addition-elimination reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, benzoin condensation, Perkins reactions, Reformatsky reaction, Oppenauer oxidation. 
b. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives: Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature, intermolecular association, stability of carboxylate anion, two important methods of preparation, decarboxylation, functional groups reactions, reduction of carboxylic acids. a note on dicarboxylic acids.
Acid derivatives: (acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides). Nomenclature, reactions like hydrolysis, reduction of esters and amides, Hofmann’s degradation of amides. Brief account of preparation and properties of malonic and acetoacetic esters, their importance in organic syntheses. 

UNIT V

 Nitrogen Compounds:
a. Nitro compounds: Nomenclature, acidity of nitro compounds containing - hydrogens, reductive reactions of aromatic nitro compounds. 
b. Amines: Nomenclature, basicity of amines, classification, relative reactivity, hinsberg method of separation, acylation reactions. Diazotisation and reactions of diazonium salts.
 c. Nitriles and isonitriles: Nomenclature, two methods of synthesis, reactivity and functional reactions. 



QUESTION PAPER 2015

 

PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Well, If you love chemistry, You fall in love with this subject.
If you hate it, trust me your hatred towards chemistry increases.
This subject deals with Various salts which are useful in pharmaceutics.
You're gonna learn properties, Limits, Test for purity and Assay of various salts.

This subject include :

UNIT I 1. Classification of Inorganic Pharmaceuticals based on their applications and therapeutic uses.
2. Sources of impurities in pharmaceutical substances.
3. Test for purity (a) Setting property of plaster of paris
 (b) Ammonium compounds in sodium bicarbonate
(c) Oxalate in sodium citrate.
(d) Barium and thiocynate in Ammonium chloride and
 4. Qualitative tests for anion and cations
5. Limit tests for arsenic, heavy metals, lead, iron, chloride and sulphate.

UNIT II
1. Electrolytes: a. Sodium and potassium replenishers: Sodium chloride, compound sodium chloride solution (Ringer solution), potassium chloride, ORS.
b. Calcium replenishers: Calcium gluconate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium chloride.
 2. Acid base regulators: Sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate, sodium citrate/potassium citrate, sodium acetate, and ammonium chloride
3. Dialysis fluids: Haemodialysis fluids.
UNIT III
Gastro-intestinal agents.
1. Acidifiers and Antacids: Dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium acid phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide gel, dried aluminium hydroxide gel, magnesium oxide (Magnesia), magnesium hydroxide mixture, magnesium trisilicate.
 2. Adsorbents and related drugs: Light kaolin, heavy kaolin, and activated charcoal.
3. Laxatives: Magnesium sulphate, sodium phosphate.
4. Mineral Nutrients / Supplements
(a) Haematinics – Ferrous sulphate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, ferric ammonium citrate, iron and dextrose injection.
(b) Halogens: Iodine, Iodides. 5. Pharmaceutical aids:
(a) Excipients: Dicalcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc and calcium carbonate (Precipitated chalk).
 (b) Suspending agents: Bentonite, colloidal silica.
(c) Colorants: Titanium oxide, Ferric oxide
UNIT-IV
(a) Expectorants: Ammonium chloride, potassium iodide.
(b) Emetics: Potassium antimony tartarate, copper sulphate.
(c) Antidotes: Sodium thiosulphate, sodium nitrite.
Topical agents:
1) Astringents: Zinc sulphate, calcium hydroxide, Bismuth sub carbonate.
 2) Topical protectants: Zinc oxide, calamine, zinc stearate, talc, titanium- dioxide, heavy kaolin and light kaolin (only uses).
3) Silicone polymers: Activated dimethicone.
 4) Anti-Infectives: Hydrogen peroxide solution, potassium permanganate, silver nitrate (silver protein), iodine, (solutions of iodine, povidone iodine), boric acid, zinc undecylenate, mercury compounds (yellow mercuric chloride)
 UNIT-V
Dental products:
1) Fluorides: Sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate and stannous fluoride.
2) Oral antiseptics and Astringents: Hydrogen peroxide, magnesium peroxide, zinc peroxide and mouth washes.
 3) Dentifrices: Calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate and strontium chloride.
 4) Cements & fillers : Zinc oxide (only uses). Miscellaneous Medicinal Agents
a) Antineoplastics : Cisplatin
 b) Antidepressants : Lithium carbonate
c) Diagnostic agents : Barium sulphate
d) Surgical Aids : Plaster of Paris
e) Antirheumatic agents : Sodium aurothiomalate
f) Internal parasiticid : Sodium antimony gluconate g) Anti thyroid agents : Potassium perchlorate


2015 QUESTION PAPER:

STORY OF A GIRL

Heres a story about a girl who dint believe in love till she turned Eighteen. 

When she turned Eighteen, She fell in love with a guy, a volleyball player indeed. 
A girl who thinks,Love is crap, writes mysterious gloomy love quotes. Astounding isnt it? So is she, and so is this story of hers. 

She was considered a Tomboy, and now everything has changed.
 She gazed into his eyes on the play field and there are fireworks in the background, "Love it is," she says. Confused she was, for days together trying to enumerate, Then she figures she is in love with guy. 
The love story  of this girl begins, Its baffling for all us to understand. 

He is completely antithetical to her, Unconventional story it is. 
When asked what made her fall for this guy who is complete antagonist to her? She says,"Love is blind." 
When he texts her, Her craziness starts with zero and ends at infinity , She calls him "Wewe" 
For all us, Wewe might just be any other person but for her he is her life, She says. 

All the people around her call her lunatic, just cause she fell for a wrong guy? "Guys and girls out there don't know how it feels to fall in love," she says. 

And finally,  After 3 months she confesses it to him, And Wewe's reaction got her heavy hearted, But a strong girl she was, she wept all night but never let that beautiful smile of her face.
She lost herself, She lost her self esteem and she doesn't care.

Her actions astounds everyone around her, She says," True love it is" 

He has let her down several times by now, But her love for him never ceased, 'Love is pain', she says.

When love pains, stop loving suggested everyone. "I love this kinda pain," she exclaimed. 
Such an imbecile person she is. 
And her story doesn't end with this. 
Their conversations still goes on, which makes her quite happy.

A friend of hers asked, how many days are you gonna sit and smile at his messages?
 As long it lasts, she gasps,"My love for him is higher than words, and I've decided to fall silent."

Every night is a terrible lone night, living in a fantasy world of hers in the day time. 
When asked, when are you gonna stop dreaming and start living? 

"The very next second, he says he'll be mine,"says she. 

Everyone around her, says He doesn't deserve her. She deserves much better. She smiles at all of them and replies, "Love is not about who deserves whom, Its an extravagant feeling, can happy to anyone at anytime. One will understand only when they love someone. Love comes with conditions apply, I guess, I know I'll be hurt deeply, But guess what? I'm already hurt, And I love being hurt this way, She smiles and walks away."

When she answered all of our questions, We then realized, her love for wewe is immense, by the time he notices, she'll be long gone. 

REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS.

Most of the student who opt for  Pharmaceutical studies loathe Mathematics.
But one can never run away from this subject. 
And now that JNTU has made it a subject in B Pharmacy-1 
Passing in this subject is a definite obligation or else backlogs on the way. 
Math is considered to be a tricky subject. All you have to do is learn the tricks properly and you can be a trick master. 

Remedial Mathematics includes following chapters

1. Algebra: Permutations and combinations

Binomial Theorem 
Partial Fractions
Matrices

2. TRIGONOMETRY : Measurement of angles

Trigonometric functions
Compound angles
Ratios of multiple angles
Heights and distance

 CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY:  Distance between two points,
Area of triangle
Division of line segment
Locus

3. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: Continuity and limits

Differentiation
Derivative of a function
Derivative of fraction of functions
Derivative of trigonometric functions 
Derivative of Logarithmic and exponential functions
Partial dedifferentiation 
Maxima and Minima 

4. INTEGRAL CALCULUS: Integration of algebraic and exponential functions

Integration of trigonometric functions
Integration by parts
Integration by substitution
Definite integrals
Areas and curves

5. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: Formation of a differential equation 

Equation of first order and first degree
Homogeneous differential equations. 

According to me, The best book you could refer for this subject is : A textbook of Remedial mathematics By Seshagiri Rao.

Here is a supplementary paper. 2014

2015 QUESTION PAPER  

PROLOGUE

Hey Everyone,

                  Here comes my very first post

Before I start off, You all have to know why did I end up writing this?
The sole reason for this is I've been in enough trouble dealing with first year of B Pharmacy. 
Its a constant pain. And the sad part, I'm not yet done with it. 
 To start off, Under graduation Course is all about gaining knowledge but here  along with little knowledge you gain a lot of confusion. 

So heres this blog helping my juniors out. 

I've searched everywhere for JNTU-B Pharm previous year question papers, I found them no where. 
And as we all know one has to know the pattern for preparing for their exams. And JNTU fails in providing it. All they do is throw the syllabus junk on us. And expects us to predict the question paper and excel in them. 

So here, I'll be posting Previous year question papers, Some stories and Many here. 
Stay tuned